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Towler, John. The Silver Sunbeam.
Joseph H. Ladd, New York: 1864. Electronic edition prepared from
facsimile edition of Morgan and Morgan, Inc., Hastings-on-Hudson,
New York. Second printing, Feb. 1974. ISBN 871000-005-9
Chapter XLVII.
COMPARISON ON HYDROMETRIC AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY INDICATIONS.
THE specific gravity of a body is the comparison of the weight of
a given balk of the said substance with that of an equal bulk of
distilled water at 62° Fahrenheit. Gases are compared either
with air as the standard or with distilled water.
The specific gravity of a body is taken by special instruments
for this purpose; some of these instruments are denominated
Hydrometers, and give arbitrary indications, which have to be
reduced afterward in terms of specific gravity.
Baumé's Hydrometers axe in extensive use in France, and
Twaddell's Hydrometer in England. Baumé has two Hydrometers:
one for liquids heavier than water, and one for liquids lighter than
water.
For Liquids Heavier than Water.
Baumé.
| Deg |
Sp. Grav. |
Deg |
Sp. Grav. |
Deg |
Sp. Grav. |
Deg. |
Sp. Grav. |
| 0 |
1.000 |
20 |
1.152 |
40 |
1.357 |
60 |
1.652 |
| 1 |
1.007 |
21 |
1.160 |
41 |
1.369 |
61 |
1.670 |
| 2 |
1.013 |
22 |
1.169 |
42 |
1.381 |
62 |
1.689 |
| 3 |
1.020 |
23 |
1.178 |
43 |
1.395 |
63 |
1.708 |
| 4 |
1.027 |
24 |
1.188 |
44 |
1.407 |
64 |
1.727 |
| 5 |
1.034 |
25 |
1.197 |
45 |
1.420 |
65 |
1.747 |
| 6 |
1.041 |
26 |
1.206 |
46 |
1.434 |
66 |
1.767 |
| 7 |
1.048 |
27 |
1.216 |
47 |
1.448 |
67 |
1.788 |
| 8 |
1.056 |
28 |
1.225 |
48 |
1.462 |
68 |
1.809 |
| 9 |
1.063 |
29 |
1.235 |
49 |
1.476 |
69 |
1.831 |
| 10 |
1.070 |
30 |
1.245 |
50 |
1.490 |
70 |
1.854 |
| 11 |
1.078 |
31 |
1.256 |
51 |
1.505 |
71 |
1.877 |
| 12 |
1.085 |
32 |
1.267 |
52 |
1.520 |
72 |
1.900 |
| 13 |
1.094 |
33 |
1.277 |
53 |
1.535 |
73 |
1.924 |
| 14 |
1.101 |
34 |
1.288 |
54 |
1.551 |
74 |
1.949 |
| 15 |
1.109 |
35 |
1.299 |
55 |
1.567 |
75 |
1.974 |
| 16 |
1.118 |
36 |
1.310 |
56 |
1.583 |
76 |
2.000 |
| 17 |
1.126 |
37 |
1.321 |
57 |
1.600 |
|
|
| 18 |
1.134 |
38 |
1.333 |
58 |
1.617 |
|
|
| 19 |
1.143 |
39 |
1.345 |
59 |
1.634 |
|
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For Liquids Lighter than
Water. Baumé
| Deg |
Sp. Grav. |
Deg |
Sp. Grav. |
Deg. |
Sp. Grav. |
Deg |
Sp. Grav. |
| 10 |
1.000 |
23 |
0.918 |
36 |
0.849 |
49 |
0.789 |
| 11 |
.993 |
24 |
0.913 |
37 |
0.844 |
50 |
0.785 |
| 12 |
0.987 |
25 |
0.907 |
38 |
0.839 |
51 |
0.781 |
| 13 |
0.980 |
26 |
0.901 |
39 |
0.834 |
52 |
0.777 |
| 14 |
0.973 |
27 |
0.896 |
40 |
0.830 |
53 |
0.773 |
| 15 |
0.967 |
28 |
0.890 |
41 |
0.825 |
54 |
0.768 |
| 16 |
0.960 |
29 |
0.885 |
42 |
0.820 |
55 |
0.764 |
| 17 |
0.954 |
30 |
0.880 |
43 |
0.816 |
56 |
0.760 |
| 18 |
0.948 |
31 |
0.874 |
44 |
0.811 |
57 |
0.757 |
| 19 |
0.942 |
32 |
0.869 |
45 |
0.807 |
58 |
0.753 |
| 20 |
D.936 |
33 |
0.864 |
46 |
0.802 |
59 |
0.749 |
| 21 |
0.930 |
34 |
0.859 |
47 |
0.798 |
60 |
0.745 |
| 22 |
0.924 |
35 |
0.854 |
48 |
0.794 |
61 |
0.741 |
Twaddell's Hydrometer.
The degrees on Twaddell are converted into equivalent specific
gravities by multiplying them by 5 and adding 1000; then mark off
then mark off three figures as decimals.
| Deg |
Sp. Grav. |
Deg |
Sp. Grav. |
Deg |
Sp. Grav. |
Deg |
Sp. Grav. |
| 1 |
1.005 |
8 |
1.040 |
15 |
1.075 |
22 |
1.110 |
| 2 |
1.010 |
9 |
1.045 |
16 |
1.080 |
23 |
1.115 |
| 3 |
1.015 |
10 |
1.050 |
17 |
1.085 |
24 |
1.120 |
| 4 |
1.020 |
11 |
1.055 |
18 |
1.090 |
25 |
1.125 |
| 5 |
1.025 |
12 |
1.060 |
19 |
1.095 |
26 |
1.130 |
| 6 |
1.030 |
13 |
1.065 |
20 |
1.100 |
27 |
1.135 |
| 7 |
1.035 |
14 |
1.070 |
21 |
1.105 |
28 |
1.140 |
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